The Leader of the Pilgrimage and the Gifts Sent to Mecca
Organizing the Pilgrimage The writer explains that the annual pilgrimage to Mecca involved many thousands of people. Because such a
The Fifth Religious Duty The Pilgrimage to Mecca
The Importance of the Pilgrimage The writer describes the fifth important practice of Islam as the pilgrimage to Mecca, known
Ramadan and the Practice of Giving Charity
The Changing Time of Ramadan The writer explains that the month of Ramadan follows the Islamic lunar calendar rather than
The Month of Ramadan Fasting and Its Origins
Fasting During the Day The writer continues his description of the Muslim month of Ramadan, explaining that people spend the
The Month of Ramadan and Fasting in Islam
Historical Background The passage begins with the author’s comments on the political struggles between the Ottoman Empire and the Christian
Muslim Prayer and a European Observer’s Opinion
A Scene of Quiet Worship The writer continues describing the way Muslims prayed, especially in the Ottoman Empire. He says
The Form of Muslim Prayer
The Words Used in Prayer The original writer explains that the exact form of Muslim prayers is not taken entirely
The Importance of Concentration During Prayer
Complete Attention to Worship The original writer explains that Muslims should give their full attention to prayer. According to the
Washing and Prayer
Washing After Personal Needs The third type of washing described in the original text is called Taharet. This washing is
Circumcision Ceremonies in the Ottoman Empire
Religious Leaders and Everyday Life In this passage, the author continues his discussion of circumcision and explains an important feature